Electrospinning is a nanofiber production method based on drawing polymer solutions or melts into fine fibers under a high-voltage electric field. This technique makes it possible to obtain fibers with diameters ranging from a few hundred nanometers down to below one micrometer, forming structures with extremely high surface area and tunable porosity.

Because of their high surface-to-volume ratio, precise pore control, and versatile functionalization options, nanofibers are considered among the most promising materials of the future.

Working Principle

The electrospinning process relies on three main components:

1. High-voltage source – Charges the polymer solution or melt.
2. Nozzle / Spinneret – A “Taylor cone” forms, ejecting a fine jet that stretches into fibers.
3. Collector surface – The fibers are deposited to form a nanofiber mat.

Although the setup seems simple, the process is influenced by multiple parameters including voltage, solution viscosity, flow rate, conductivity, ambient temperature, and humidity.

Advantages

Extremely fine fibers (50–500 nm) can be produced. High surface area and controlled porosity. Wide material compatibility – polymers, ceramics, composites, biopolymers. Easy surface functionalization (antibacterial, conductive, hydrophobic, etc.).

Application Areas

• Filtration: Superior air and water filtration performance.
• Energy: Battery separators, electrode supports.
• Textiles: Functional fabrics, protective clothing, smart textiles.
• Medical: Wound dressings, tissue engineering scaffolds, drug delivery systems.
• Defense & Cosmetics: Barrier materials, nanofiber-based skin health masks.

Comparison with Other Nanofiber Production Methods